Infection and Control Case Study for Methicillin Staphylococcus

Question: Discuss about theInfection and Control Case Study for Methicillin Staphylococcus. Answer: Introduction This case study involves patient Jenkins aged 78 years, having readmissions on and off in the hospital, with the recent medication process being administered at the emergency department. She is having a history of wound sepsis, however, the current admission has seen the diagnosis of wound infection occasioned with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. She has been managed medically and she is being nursed at the medical ward. State of Methicillin staphylococcus aureus Methicillin staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium which is linked to several infections. It is a major cause of severe infection in healthcare practice. Various studies have indicated that human health care workers dealing with the MRSA patients and veterinarians have a higher prevalence of acquiring MRSA at 40%, (Price et al, 2012) with the prevalence among veterinary officers in north amerce ranging from 9.7%-18%, (Harrison et al, 2014). Further MRSA has been further been linked to animal veterinary in the United Kingdom, (Verkade et al, 2013). In Australia, the prevalence rate of MRSA has been found too high along specialist veterinarians at 21%-45%, (AIHW, 2013a). Review studies undertaken shows that there were 4.6% nurses which got the infection through colonization of MRSA. The prevalence of MRSA strain has been shown to be dependent on the different strains. The first strains of MRSA in Australia were identified in 1976. There were observed outbreaks in hospitals. A survey undertaken has shown that there is an occurrence of 51% bacteremic episodes and onsets in hospitals. Further MRSA conditions have shown to have impacts on causing 40% of the hospital settings and 12% of community-based settings. Further research has estimated that there is an occurrence of approximately 6,900 episodes of MSRA in Australia annually, (AIHW, 2015a). In the 2015-16 report, it was shown that Methicillin staphylococcus aureus occurred among 1,440 cases patients during the surveillance period. Hospital-acquired MRSA in the year 2015-2016 report has shown that there are 51% cases in hospitals which led to 36% days duration of patient care surveillance status, (AIHW, 2015b). There has been a general decline in the number of cases of MRSA in Australia in hospitals, with observed decrease of 17% from 1732 to 1440 cases. The national data have shown that there is a decline of 0.96 cases to 0.73 cases per 100,000 of patient care in monitoring and supervision phase. Rates have shown to decline in New South Wales, Australia capital authority and Queensland. The cases number of MRSA have shown a decline from 280 cases to an estimate of 280 cases with the proportion of all MRSA showing a decline from the overall 24% to 19%, (AIHW, 2013b). It is more common in hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, invasive open wounds weakened immunity and those at the hospitals are at a greater risk of developing. Further patients using catheters, those having weakened immune systems are often at a greater risk of hospital-acquired infections. Further others have shown the risks of getting community-acquired infections. Typical cases have been observed in both community and healthcare-associated MRSA. Molecular studies have shown that community-acquired infections have found its ways in food substances especially from the animal husbandry and food processing approaches used in food preparation. Hospital-acquired MRSA has shown that they form biofilms which contribute to the spread in health care facilities, (ACSQHC, 2016). Risks factors of Methicillin staphylococcus aureus Causes of MRSA have been linked to cases detected outside hospital referred to community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases. This can lead to the previous hospital, residence in nursing homes and patients without the healthcare-associated risk factors. Various risks factors have been detected in the hospitals settings of patient community settings and health care lead factors. Factors such as previous rehospitalization, nursing care home stay and being employed in the healthcare setting have increased the associated risks of MRSA infection. Among ICU patients, MRSA infections have been shown to be more prevalent among male gender, trauma patients, ICU patients, hospital or long-term facility patients, immune suppressed and skin infections patients. In a study conducted by Catry, (2014), among 6844 patients, showed that more than 97% cases of MRSA were linked to infections. At 95% confidence level with p0.01, associated factors with MRSA infection included long-term admission of long-term care facility, pharmacy prescriptions of antibiotic drugs, age, and intake of antimicrobial agents. Other risks factors have been shown to have an impact on infection of MRSA. Among patients with community-related settings showed that those with pneumonia had an increased infection. Patients with hospital-onset disease showed to be having increased risks of acquiring MRSA pneumonia, (Wooten Winston, 2012). In a study by Inouye et al, , (2014), in a study on risk factors for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, showed that patients who had been referred from other health facilities, surgical units transferred patients, history of surgical procedures within the last 3 months and immune-compromised patients had a high risk of getting MRSA. Studies done have shown that other risks factors associated with MRSA colonization are antibiotic utilization. Resistance to drugs such as vancomycin was associated with elongated duration of hospitalization. In the case study, the patient exhibits wound infection which has seen rehospitalization into the hospital. The associated risk factors of age and gender have also been exacerbated the patient status coupled with antibiotic use which is linked to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the wound. Further, the is observed medical rehospitalization and poor wound management which is characteristic of having hospital-acquired MRSA infection. With the current age of the patient, it is important to note that there is lowered level of immunity which makes the patient have immune suppression thus leading to risk-related factors on MRSA infection on the wound. Hand hygiene care for the patient Proper hand hygiene is effective protocol procedures for managing safety. Effective hand washing procures ensures that there is a decline in the level of skin surface microbial counts which is a key factor in the control of infections. Having greater amounts of time washing is not guaranteed to have control of infections, hand washing technique is crucial than the duration taken for hand washing, (Orellana et al, 2016 pp 185). Hand hygiene care process during the handling the patient is a critical phase in that it ensures that touching of body fluids, excretions and other contaminated items are not transferred to the patient. Performance of hand hygiene after removal of protective clothing such as gloves is crucial during patient contacts which have an influence on transferring the microorganisms to other patients environment. During hand processes, often hand is soiled with blood and other body fluids, thus effective hand washing with soap and water is needed. Further performance of hand hygiene during the dressing and wound caring of the patient between the tasks and procedures has an effect on the patient cross-contamination process of the wound sites, (Kelly et al, pp 956). Thus the performance of effective hand washing for the patient after post admission care is critical. Hospital-acquired MRSA is easily transferable when poor hand hygiene during dressing without the use of gloves is performed. Ensuring proper hand hygiene care for the patient during the recovery process is essential in ensuring that MRSA infection is managed and further spread is controlled and managed during the period. Standards precautions Gloving Key standards protocol precaution is the usage of gloves during the handling of the patient. This is in anticipation that there might be contact with the blood and offer infectious materials, skin and skin contamination. Removing the gloves after making the contact with the patient and the environment using proper techniques is essential in preventing hand contamination. A key standard way is ensuring that gloves are not torn between the patient and usage of glove per patient as this leads to transmission of pathogens, (Gidengil et al, 2015 pp. 18). Protection of mouth, nose, and eye There is need to use protective clothing in order to protect the mucous membranes f the eyes and mouth and ensuring patient care activities which involve cross-contamination of blood. Gowning While handling the patient, use of protective gear is paramount, protecting the skin and prevention of soiling or contamination is key during patient procedures when blood contact, fluid secretions, and excretion is anticipated. Proper handling of patient care equipment Proper handling of the patient in the ward using proper care equipment without soiled secretions, body fluids excretions, and even blood in order to ensure prevention of skin and mucous exposures, gross contamination, and microorganism transfer. There is need to ensure that there is no reusability of equipment allowed between different patients. Every item used should be handled appropriately for every patient. Ensuring clean and disinfected surfaces which might have contamination and other frequently touched surfaces is key in ensuring there is cleaning and removal of any germs on the surfaces, (Ranjan et al, 2017 pp 109). Transmitted based precautions Patient placement In ensuring there is effective patient placement, assigning of rooms for patients is appropriate. With the highest priority on patients who have been diagnosed with MRSA infection. Ensuring high prioritization to the patient with the condition facilitates controlled and uncontained secretions excretions. Gowning This entails gowning before entering a room. There is need for removing a gown and overseeing high standards if hygiene before leaving the ward area of the patient. After removing the gown, there is need to ensure that skin and clothing dont make contact which potentiality affects the environmental surfaces which lead to the transfer of microorganism and possible contamination on the patient and other environmental surfaces, (Peterson et al, 2016 pp 99). Patient transport In acute care settings limiting patient, transport is key, there is need to offer limited movement of the patient. However, when the transport is necessary, there is need to ensure that colonized areas of the body have been covered. Removal of contaminated patients materials and performance of hand hygiene prior to patient transportation is key in minimizing further infections. Patient care equipment In acute care setting for patients with MRSA, disposal is critical in enhancing patient care an appropriate use of special equipment for the patient. When there is an application of multiples equipment there is need to ensure that they are clearly disinfected before being used by another patient, (Kular et al, 2016). Environmental measures There is need to ensure that the patient room is cleansed on contact precautions for disinfecting and cleaning. Cleaning needs to be focused areas such as bedside commodes, patient bathrooms and other immediate equipment for the patient needs to be thoroughly cleaned. The role of community care nurse in patient care The need for patient care outside the traditional hospital care has been key in providing essential care for patients. Community nurses often work in a variety of environments where patients reside. The key role of community nurse for the patient is to ensure that basic care is provided for the patient and care practices by the patient dont cause further harm to the wound progress. Further Community nurse will be essential in administering the antibiotic with the patient. Wound dressing and cleaning forms the critical part of care process for the patient; this will be facilitated by the nurse, (Anderson et al, 2016 pp 234). Appropriate necessary skills for the patient are geared towards providing an advisory role for the patient and even the family care. They provide emergency care for the patients. Thus having effective nursing skills is essential for the patient and ensures there is continuous provincial of care for the patient. Role of the occupational therapist in nursing care Occupational therapists are essential in ensuring that the patient fulfills and gets satisfied with the state of life. This will be enhanced through a purposeful way of living which promoted and improve care process for the patient. With the view of patient age status, the occupational therapist will be fundamental in helping them to improve the ability of the patient. They are key in developing, recovering and maintaining the daily ability of the patient, (Rubin et al, 2018 pp 864). Further due to the age status and frailing nature of the patient will be to ensure daily activity of the patient is improved. Occupation therapy for the elderly is very beneficial as it helps the elderly in having more productive, independent and active life through various methods. The patient, occupational therapy care will be key to enhancing the mobility status of the patient and offering an adaptive environment for the patient. Conclusion Achieving effective assessment on the patient is key in enhancing proper care for the patient. 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